Tutorial - Selecting Your Recording Device. Now that you know you're getting sound into the computer and you've made your Audacity settings, it's time to set up your recording device.
If Device Toolbar is not visible, click on . On Windows, the choice is between the following audio interfaces.
WASAPI was first officially released in 2. Windows Vista. WASAPI is particularly useful for . Playback is emulated using this host. As a result, the playback slider in Mixer Toolbar will only scale the system playback slider's current level up or down rather than directly manipulating that system slider. Other options could be OSS and/or Jack Audio Connection Kit (also known as . On Windows 1. 0, Windows 8, Windows 7 and Vista.
Windows Direct. Sound may by default have only slightly lower latency than MME. If you are using a USB- connected guitar, microphone or keyboard on Windows, you may also need to reset the default system playback device to your computer sound device in order to hear audio in other applications.
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Who is this tutorial for? This tutorial was written with Xilinx' Zynq-7000 EPP device in mind (an ARM Cortex-A9 combined with FPGA), but the general concepts apply. HID Wiimote is a Windows Device Driver for the Nintendo Wii Remote. It enables the Wii Remote to be used as a native Game Controller. Download USB drivers for your Android device and follow step-by-step tutorial on how to install Android (6.0/5.1/5.0/4.4, etc.)USB driver. Solved IDT high definition (HD) Audio CODEC driver error 0x8007001f problem in Windows 10 by updating, downloading and reinstalling idt hd audio driver.
Windows 1. 0, Windows 8, Windows 7 and Vista computers almost always only have microphone inputs enabled by default. If your line- in or other inputs are not shown in Device Toolbar, go to the system mixer for Windows Vista or later or Windows XP, show and enable the missing inputs, then use or restart Audacity.
Click on , accept the default values in the dialog then click OK: a 3. Press SPACE to begin playback - you should hear a loud tone coming from your computer speakers. You can use the output slider on the Mixer Toolbar to control the volume at which you listen to your Audacity project. In general if you are recording a microphone or guitar you will want to record in mono. If you are recording a keyboard and the keyboard has stereo outputs you will want to record in stereo.
A Tutorial on the Device Tree (Zynq) - - Part IWho is this tutorial for? This tutorial was written with Xilinx' Zynq- 7. EPP device in mind (an ARM Cortex- A9 combined with FPGA), but the general concepts apply for any Linux kernel using the device tree. The examples assume that the Xillinux distribution for the Zedboard is used. What’s the device tree good for? Picture this: The bootloader has just copied the Linux kernel into the processor’s SDRAM. It then jumps to the kernel’s entry point.
The kernel is now just like any bare- metal application running on a processor. It needs to configure the processor.
It needs to set up virtual memory. It needs to print something to the console. All these operations are carried out by writing to registers, but how does the Linux kernel know their addresses? How does it know how many cores it can run on? How much memory it can access?
The straightforward solution is platform- specific boot routines in the kernel’s sources, which are enabled by kernel configuration parameters. This is fine for everything that is usually fixed, such as the internal registers on an x. BIOS on a PC. But when it comes to things that tend to change, for example the PCI/PCIe peripherals on a PC computer, it’s desirable to let the kernel learn about them in run- time. The ARM architecture has become a major headache in the Linux community: Even though the processors share the same compiler and many functionalities, each embodiment (i. On top of that, each board has its own set of external components. The result is a wild forest of header files, patches and special configuration parameters in the kernel tree, each combination matching a specific board with a specific chip containing an ARM processor.
In short, it has turned out to be an ugly and unmaintainable pile of hacks which nobody is really fond of. On top of that, each kernel binary is compiled for a specific chip on a specific board, which is more or less like compiling the kernel for each PC motherboard on the market. So there was a wish to compile the kernel for all ARM processors, and let the kernel somehow detect its hardware and apply the right drivers as needed.
Exactly as it does with a PC. But how? On a PC, the initial registers are hardcoded, and the rest of the information is supplied by the BIOS. So it’s easy to auto- detect your hardware when another piece of software tells you what you have. ARM processors don’t have a BIOS. The Linux kernel has only itself to trust. So the chosen solution was a device tree, also referred to as Open Firmware (abbreviated OF) or Flattened Device Tree (FDT).
This is essentially a data structure in byte code format (that is, not human- readable) which contains information that is helpful to the kernel when booting up. The boot loader copies that chunk of data into a known address in the RAM before jumping to the kernel’s entry point.
I defined the device tree somewhat vaguely, but it’s exactly how things are: Even though there are strict conventions (which isn't always followed completely), there is no rigid rule for what can go into the device tree and where it must be put. Any routine in the kernel may look up any parameter in any path in the device tree. It's the choice of the programmer what is parametrized, and where the parameter is best placed in the tree. Adopting the standard tree structure allows using a convenient API for fetching specific data. For example, there is a clear and cut convention for how to define peripherals on the bus, and an API for getting the essential information the driver needs: Addresses, interrupts and custom variables. More about that later.
To most of us, the device tree is where we inform the kernel about a specific piece of hardware (i. PL logic) we’ve added or removed, so that the kernel can kick off the right driver to handle it (or refrain from doing so, if the hardware was removed). This is also where specific information about the hardware is conveyed. Compiling the device tree. The device tree comes in three forms: A text file (*. A binary blob (*. A file system in a running Linux’ /proc/device- tree directory — “debug and reverse engineering information”In a normal flow, the DTS file is edited and compiled into a DTB file using a special compiler which comes with the Linux kernel sources.
On a Xillinux distribution, it's available at /usr/src/kernels/3. The device tree compiler can be downloaded and built separately with$ git clone git: //www. I’ll assume below that the kernel source’s dtc is used. The syntax of the device tree’s language is described here. Note that this language doesn’t execute anything, but like XML, it’s just a syntax to organize data. Some architectures have an automatic tool for generating a device tree from an XPS project (e.
Microblaze), but currently there is no such tool available for the Zynq EPP platform. The compilation from DTS to DTB is done by changing directory to the Linux kernel source tree’s root. On Xillinux 1. 0 running on the Zedboard it's$ cd /usr/src/kernels/3. I dts - O dtb - o /path/to/my- tree. The dtc compiler is a binary application, which is compiled to run on the host’s platform (i. If the kernel hasn’t been compiled on the host, there’s a need to at least compile the DTS compiler: First set up a configuration for the kernel. It doesn’t matter much anyhow, so copy any related configuration file to .
Or, if this happens to work: $ make ARCH=arm digilent. This doesn’t matter if the dtc compiler was generated before this error, which is usually the case. If it said “HOSTLD scripts/dtc/dtc” somewhere after the “make” command, it’s good enough.
Or just try to run dtc as shown above. Reverse compilation is also possible, either from a DTB file or a /proc/device- tree file system. To obtain a text file from a DTB blob, go something like$ scripts/dtc/dtc - I dtb - O dts - o /path/to/fromdtb. The output file goes to the home directory. Compiling a DTS file against a kernel source tree. It's quite common to have #include preprocessor macros in DTS files, for the sake of modularity.
Often there are processor- dependent DTS entries kept in an include file (typically with a . DTS files that include the former ones. The board- level device tree may then include the processor- specific file and assign .
This is a common practice to keep the board- specific DTS files clean and tidy. But #include isn't supported by the dtc compiler. And then go$ make ARCH=arm dtbsat the kernel's sources' root directory.
But there's a lightweight method, which resembles the method for compiling out- of- tree kernel modules, as suggested in the kernel tree's own Documentation/kbuild/modules. Namely, setting up a Makefile looking something likeifneq ($(KERNELRELEASE),). KDIR : = /path/to/kernel/source. MAKE) ARCH=arm - C $(KDIR) M=$(PWD). MAKE) ARCH=arm - C $(KDIR) M=$(PWD) clean. This Makefile is adopted from section 3.
C file into a kernel module. This is what the obj- m line stands for, and it can be removed from the example if only DTS compilation is required. However in many practical cases, the compilation of a driver and its DTS file go hand in hand, and a single Makefile is really neat for that. However the example above diverts from section 3.
KDIR is set explicitly, and not based upon uname. We're probably cross compiling, so the running kernel has no significance. The ARCH parameter is set (once again, cross compilation)There's an always : = statement for adding the . The kernel's own Makefile rules kick off dtc compiler and its prerequisites. In the example above, it will look for mydevicetree.
Also note: It may be necessary to have the CROSS. For ARCH=arm, the included files should be in arch/arm/boot/dts/To compile the DTS file, just go.